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Regis McKenna is a marketer who introduced many of the ideas that are now part of the mainstream in technology marketing and who helped launch some of the major technical innovations of the computer age, including the first microprocessor (Intel Corporation), Apple's first personal computer (Apple Computer), the first recombinant DNA genetically engineered product (Genentech, Inc.), and the first retail computer store (The Byte Shop). Among the entrepreneurial start-ups with which he worked during their formative years are America Online, Apple, Compaq, Electronic Arts, Genentech, Intel, Linear Technology, Lotus, Microsoft, National Semiconductor, Silicon Graphics, and 3COM.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 work =McKenna Management, LLC ) 〕 He has been described as the man who put Silicon Valley on the map.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 work =regis.com ) 〕 He has been called “Silicon Valley's preeminent public relations man,” a “guru,” a “czar,” a “philosopher king,”〔 〕 a “legendary marketer,” Apple's “marketing guru,”〔 〕 “the fellow that put Intel and Apple on the map,” and “ a pioneer in the semiconductor business in terms of the marketing side of things.”〔(【引用サイトリンク】 work =Stanford University ) 〕 Newsweek called him “the Silicon Valley Svengali”〔(【引用サイトリンク】 work =The Independent ) 〕 and Business Week has called him “one of high-tech's ace trendspotters” and a “marketing wizard in Silicon Valley.” According to a 1985 article in the Los Angeles Times, McKenna is “best known for taking the story of Apple Computer's founding in a Los Altos garage by a couple of young entrepreneurs and weaving the tale into part of our national folklore.”〔 “McKenna's power comes from the fact that good public relations are crucial for hundreds of small technology-oriented start-up companies,” wrote the Times. Robert Henkel, editor in chief of Electronics magazine and former technology editor of Business Week, told the Times that McKenna was “the best p.r. man around in the high-technology business.”〔 ==Education and early career== Born and raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, McKenna attended Saint Vincent College and is a liberal arts graduate of Duquesne University.〔 He later said that he “had a dispute with the university over credits” and that Duquesne “eventually sent me my degree,” although “I went to four different universities to get that degree.” He ended up receiving an honorary Ph.D. from Duquesne in 1990.〔 〕 He first went to Silicon Valley in 1962, where he worked in the marketing department of General Microelectronics, a spinoff of Fairchild that started developing MOS technology.〔 He then went to work as manager of marketing services for National Semiconductor in 1967, a firm that grew very quickly. He spent “half of my time on the road... in Europe and other places around the world... helping set up operations in Scotland.” It was there, he said, that he learned a great deal about marketing simply by doing it.〔 McKenna wrote a 2001 article entitled “Silicon Valley Isn't a Place as Much as It Is an Attitude.” Describing the Valley as “this near mythical garden became the place where anyone could pursue and achieve his or her heart's delight,” he said that its early “inventors and entrepreneurs...didn't set out to achieve wealth or even happiness” but “sought the freedom to exercise their talents free of economic, cultural, or tenure constraints.” The result was the unplanned evolution of a “new, egalitarian culture.”〔 〕 ==Regis McKenna, Inc.== In late 1969, McKenna left National and began to seek work as a marketing freelancer, helping Silicon Valley startups “with everything from research to training.” He put together a “marketing plan” including a list of “the top ten companies” he wanted to work with, and ended up having them all as clients. The list included Intel, Spectra Physics, Teledyne, Systron, and Donner.〔 McKenna founded Regis McKenna, Inc., in 1970. He went on to work for Intel and then Apple. He later recalled that “Apple wasn't happy with the name Apple after they got going and growing. They actually looked at IBM and said, 'We don't look like IBM. We're not, you know, dignified.'” McKenna made a two-hour presentation to Apple's employees in which he said: “That's exactly what you do want. You want to be different from IBM. You don't want to be the same. You don't want to emulate them. You want to do all of the things that distinguish you from them.”〔 He began working with Apple in 1976. In that year, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak “approached () and asked for help in launching what was to be the world's first personal computer.” He agreed, because he “liked Apple's vision.”〔 A 2012 article explains that “When a young Steve Jobs needed a marketing expert, he called Intel to ask who made their sharp-looking ads and was told 'Regis McKenna.'”.〔 In addition to marketing consultancy, McKenna also owned an advertising agency and a public relations company. “So not only did we write their first business plan, we also designed the Apple logo and put together their advertising campaigns.”〔 McKenna was the mastermind behind Apple's famous 1984 television commercial.〔 〕 McKenna has said that the biggest mistake of his career was turning down an offer of 20% of Apple stock in lieu of payment for his services. “I was looking at my cash flow. And that's one of the reasons why I turned down Apple's offer.” His letter turning down the offer is on display at Apple's headquarters.〔 McKenna sold his advertising business to Jay Chiat in 1981 and his PR business in 1995.〔 McKenna came out of retirement to work on the iPhone 4 antenna crisis. “Steve called me from Hawaii and told me he had a big problem,” MCKenna later explained. “He asked if I would meet him at Apple the next day....I thought it was a media-cycle issue and that they should address it with the data they had and be confident about the outcome rather than be apologetic. That's what Steve did. The issue vanished within probably 10 days.” 〔 McKenna felt that Walter Isaacson's book about Jobs was “very negative....I never once had any of those confrontations that people talk about, and I knew him since he was 22 years old.”〔 Aside from Intel and Apple, among the startups that the firm assisted in their formative years included America Online, Electronic Arts, Genentech, National Semiconductor, Silicon Graphics, and 3Com Corporation. Over the years, the firm evolved from a high-tech outsource marketing business focusing on startups to a broad-based marketing strategy firm servicing international clients in many different industries. McKenna sold his interest in the firm in 2000.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 work =Santa Clara University ) 〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 work =Opus Capital ) 〕 Andrea Cunningham, the firm's group account manager for Apple, told the ''Los Angeles Times'' in 1985 that “This agency knows more about Apple Computer than Barbara Krause (Apple's in-house public relations chief).”〔 McKenna later recalled that when he was advising Bill Gates, he “had so many clients coming to me looking” to see their faces on magazine covers “that I told Bill not to make that his goal. Instead, the goal should be to build a company.”〔 McKenna pioneered many of the theories and practices of technology marketing that have become integrated into the marketing mainstream. Some of these include: *The process of diffusing technology across various classes of users ranging from innovators to early adopters to late adopters and laggards and the corresponding evolution of the “whole product.” *The development of industry infrastructure modeling whereby a relatively small number of “influencers” establish and sustain standards. The focus on “intangibles” as the benefits of technology products. *The development of “other” as a major, growing segment of market share with the result of “choice becoming a higher value than brand.” *The development of the concept of "Real Time," whereby technology compresses time (from want or need to zero), creating "the never satisfied consumer". McKenna wrote in 1990 that “Technology is transforming choice, and choice is transforming the marketplace. As a result, we are witnessing the emergence of a new marketing paradigm.”〔(【引用サイトリンク】 work =Harvard Business Review ) 〕 In a 2002 article, he declared that “branding (as currently practiced) is dead.”〔 A 2012 article entitled “How Regis McKenna Defined Real-Time Marketing” explained that real-time marketing “is a way of thinking and philosophy that requires businesses to meet the demands of an always-on digital world” and that “includes the convergence of search, social, and real-time content production and distribution, with an expanded definition of publishing that makes social conversation and interaction as important as actual writing and digital media development.” McKenna, it was explained, “laid the groundwork for real-time marketing back in 1995” in a paper for the Harvard Business Review, and fleshed out the concept in the 1997 book Real Time. Among his influential observations: *“Companies must keep the dialogue flowing and also maintain conversations with suppliers, distributors, and others in the marketplace.” *“(marketing must replace ) the broadcast mentality.” *“(marketing must focus ) on real-time customer satisfaction, providing the support, help, guidance, and information necessary to win customers’ loyalty.” *“Real-time marketing requires...being willing to learn how information technology is changing both customer behavior in marketing and to think in new ways about marketing within the organization.” *“The customer still does all the work, hunting and pecking for information. But a real-time marketer would bring the information to the customer.”〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Regis McKenna」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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